PROUNON

Pronoun adalah kata ganti orang ketiga yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, dan konsep abstrak. Pronoun merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.

Macam Pronoun

Berikut adalah penjelasan beberapa macam pronoun dan contohnya

Personal Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan.		I, you, us, them, its
Demonstrative Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance (jarak).		this, that, these, those
Interrogative Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.		Who is that man? (Siapa lelaki itu?)
Relative Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti  yang biasanya digunakan untuk memperkenalkan relative clause yang menerangkan noun.		The packet, which was sent a week ago, has received. (Paket tersebut, yang dikirim seminggu lalu, telah diterima.)
Indefinite Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti  untuk orang, benda, atau hal secara umum atau tidak spesifik.		anything, everything, none
Reflexive Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti  yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek  menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action) pada suatu clause atau kalimat.		I‘m going to buy myself new jeans. (Saya akan membeli celana jins.)
Intensive Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan pada noun yang mendahuluinya.		I myself promise not to corrupt the project. (Saya berjanji tidak akan mengorupsi proyek tersebut.)
Reciprocal Pronoun	Merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau lebih subjek melakukan aksi yang sama satu sama lain.		each other, one another

TENSES

Tense is a grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point.

1. Simple Present Tense

It is used to express the present, and do it over and over so that it becomes a habit, called SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.

Positive              : Subject + Verb 1 (s/es) +complement
Negative             : Subject +do/does + not  Verb 1+ complement
Introgative         :  Do/does+ subject + verb1 + complement

Example :

Dita  likes italian food(+)

Dita  does not like Italian food(-)

Ø  Does Dita like italian food ? (?)

2.  Present Continous Tense

It is used for the incident that took place today, it usually is do it  briefly.

Positive (+)        : Subject + tobe +Verb1-ing + complement
Negative (-)       : Subject + tobe + not + Verb1-ing + complement
Introgative (?)    : Tobe + Subject + Verb-ing + complement

Example :

She  is reading newspaper (+)

Ø  She is not reading newspaper(-)

Ø  is  she reading newspaper? (?)

3. Present Perfect Tense

It is used to incident that took  place today, but that incident has influence for present incident. And that incident  had recently quit .

Positive (+)        : Subject + has/have +Verb3  + complement
Negative (-)       : Subject + has/have + not + Verb3 + complement
Introgative (?)    : Has/ have  +Subject+  Verb3 + complement

Example :

Ø  I have written story about Cinderella

Ø  I have not written story about Cinderella

Ø  Have you written story about Cinderella?

4. Present Perfect Continous Tense

Tenses are used to Incident of Past this Perfect like action which still take place past time when an other occurence cut.

Positive (+)        : Subject + has/have + been + Verb1-ing  + object

Negative (-)       : Has/have + been + Verb1-ing  +object
Introgative (?)    : Has/ have  +Subject+ been + Verb1-ing  + complement

Example :

Ø  I have been sitting here since ten o’clock

Ø  I have not been sitting here since ten o’clock

Ø  Have you been sitting here since ten o’clock?

5. Simple Past Tense

  Is a form of time claimed an act that occurred in the past (is simple) and no connection at all with the present.

Positive(+)        : Subject + Verb 2 + Complement(+)
Negative(-)       : Subject + Did + Not +Verb1 (-)
Introgative(?)  : Did+ Subject+Verb1(?)

Example :
- I walked to school yesterday ( + )
- I didn’t walk to school yesterday (- )
 - Did you walk to school yesterday (? )

6. Past Continuous Tense

This Tenses is used to express an action which is happened in past time. and at the same time happened other action. This Tense emphasize is the happening of the action not its has.

Positive       : Subject+ Was/Were+ Verb-ing (+)
Negative     : Subject+  Was/Were+ Not+ Verb-ing (-)
Introgative : Was/Were+ Subject+Verb-ing (?)

Example:
- He was reading a book (+)
- He was not reading a book (-)
- Was he reading a book (?)

7. Past Perfect Tense

 Is a form of time used to declare an event (act) in the past a perfect finish before the other actions performed.

A.Nominal(without using verb)
Positive  : Subject + Had+ Been (+)
Negative: Subject+ Had+Not+ Been(-)
Introgative:Had + Subject+ Been(?)

Example:
- He had been at hospital(+)
- He had not been at hospital(-)
- Had he been at hospital (?)

B.Verbal(using verb)
Positive : Subject+ Had+ Verb3 (+)
Negative: Subject+ Had not+ Verb3 (-)
Introgative: Had+Subject +Verb3? (?)

Example:
- He had eaten the food before you arrived(+)
- He had not eaten the food before you arrived(-)
- Had he eaten the food before you arrived? (?)

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 Is a form of time used to declare an event in the past that took place before other events

Positive : Subject+ had+ been+ Verb-ing
Negative: Subject+ had not+ been+ Verb-ing
Introgative: Had+ subject+ been+  Verb-ing?

Example:
-I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to Italy(+)
-I had not been living in London for 2 years before I moved to Italy(-)
-Had you been living in London for 2 years before I moved to Italy? (?)

9.Simple Future Tense

Is a form of time claimed an act to be done in the future

A.Nominal(without using verb)
Positive: Subject+ will/shall+be
Negative: Subject+will/shall+ not+be
Introgative: Will/shall+ subject+ be?

Example:
- I shall be there tomorrow(+)
- I shall not be there tomorrow(-)
- Shall I be there tomorrow? (?)

B.Verbal(using verb)
Positive: Subject+ will/shall+ Verb1
Negative: Subject+ will/shall+ not+ Verb1
Introgative: Will/shall+ subject+ Verb1?

Example:
-She will borrow the book tomorrow(+)
-She will not borrow the book tomorrow(-)
-Will she borrow the book tomorrow? (?)

10.Future Continuous Tense

 Is a form of time claimed the act would (currently) takes place in the future.

Positive: Subject+will/shall+ be+ Verb-ing
Negative: Subject+ will/shall+ not+ be+ Verb-ing
Introgative: Will/shall+ subject+ be + Verb-ing?

Example:
-She will be coming there next week(+)
-She will not be coming there next week(-)
-Will she be coming there next week? (?)

11.Future Perfect Tense

Is a form stating the time an act done in the past had been completed at another time in the future.

A. Nominal(without using verb)
Positive: Subject+ will/shall+ have+been
Negative: Subject+ will/shall + not+ have+been
Introgative:Will/shall+ subject+have+ been?

Example:
-My father will have been here for  a week(+)
-My father will not have been here for a week(-)
-Will your father have been here for a week? (?)

B. Verbal(using verb)
Positive:  Subject+will/shall+ have + Verb3
Negative: Subject+ will/shall+ not+have + Verb3
Introgative: Wil/shall+ subject+ have + Verb3?

Example:
-He will have finished this punishment(+)
-He will not have finished this punishment(-)
-Will he have finished this punishment? (?)

12.Future Perfect Continuos Tense

 is a form of time claimed acts that have occurred in the past and the actions it might take place at different times in the future.

Positive: Subject+ will/shall+ have+been+ Verb-ing
Negative: Subject+will/shall+have+ not+ been+ Verb-ing
Introgative: Wil/shall+subject+ have+been+ Verb-ing?

Example:
-He will have been sleeping for  2 hours(+)
-He will not have been sleeping for 2 hours(-)
-Will he have been sleeping for 2 hours? (?)

13.Past Future Tense

 Is the form of time used to declare an act of the past that will be done.

A.Nominal(without using verb)
Positive : Subject+ should/would+be
Negative: Subject+should/would+not+be
Intogative: Should/would+ subject+be?

Example:
-We should be there 5 years ago(+)
-We should not be there 5 years ago(-)
-Should we be there 5 years ago? (?)

B.Verbal(using verb)
Positive: Subject+ should/would+ Verb1
Negative: Subject+ Should/would+ not+ Verb1
Introgative: Should/would+subject+ Verb1?

Example:
-We should write a letter the day(+)
-We should not write a letter the day (-)
-Should we write a letter the day? (?)

14. Past Future Continuous Tense

This Tense is weared very rare and if there are any, only met in Reported Speech

Positive: Subject+ should/would+ be+ Verb-ing
Negative: Subject+ should/would+not+be + Verb-ing
Introgative: Should/would+subject+ be+ Verb-ing?

Example:
-I should be taking an examination at this time the following day(+)
-I should not be taking an examination at this time the following day(-)
-Should I be taking an examination at this time the following day? (?)

15.Past Future Perfect Tense

This Tense intrinsically only weared in Conditional (kalimat Pengandaian) as main clause for expressing unreal past (lampau tak nyata).

A.Nominal(without using verb)
Positive: Subject+ should/would+have+been
Negative:Subject+should/would+have+ not+ been
Introgative: Should/would+subject+ have+ been?

Example:
-I should have been there for 3 hours(+)
-I should have not been there for 3 hours(-)
-Should I have been there for 3 hours? (?)

B.Verbal(using verb)
Positive: Subject+ should/would+have+ Verb3
Negative:Subject+should/would+have+not+Verb3
Introgative: Should/would+subject+have+Verb?

16.Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

This Tense is used very rare even in Reported Speech even if.

Positive: Subject+should/would+have+been+ Verb-ing
Negative: Subject+should/would+have+not+been+Verb-ing
Introgative: Should/would+subject+have+been+Verb-ing?

Example:
-We should have been studying Economics for 2 hours ago(+)
-We should have not been studying Economics for 2 hours ago(-)
-Should we have been studying Economics for 2 hours ago? (?)